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      <video:description>В 1938 году Австралия запретила экспорт железной руды, опасаясь, что она закончится. Потом низкий полёт Лэнга Хэнкока над хребтом Хамерсли открыл в Пилбаре целые стены железа, запрет смягчили, и первая руда из Пилбары ушла из Порт-Хедленда на переживавшие бум японские металлургические заводы. Следом пришёл Китай, который сейчас импортирует больше миллиарда тонн в год, а Австралия отгружает больше половины морской железной руды мира; в 2025–2026 году её экспорт железной руды стоил около 76 млрд долларов США (117 млрд австралийских). Появился соперник — гвинейское месторождение Симанду, нацеленное на 120 млн тонн в год после первой отгрузки в конце 2025 года, а Австралия создала фонд «зелёного железа» на 1 млрд австралийских долларов с первыми продажами к 2031 году. Австралия запрещала руду из страха, что она кончится, — она стала главной статьёй экспорта. Что дальше: продавать камень или начать продавать металл?</video:description>
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      <video:title>خام الحديد الأسترالي: من حظر التصدير عام 1938 إلى أكبر مورّد بحري في العالم</video:title>
      <video:description>في 1938 حظرت أستراليا تصدير خام الحديد خشية نفاده. ثم كشفت رحلة لانغ هانكوك المنخفضة فوق سلسلة هامرسلي عن جدران من الحديد في منطقة بيلبارا، فخُفّف الحظر، وأبحرت أول شحنة من خام بيلبارا من بورت هيدلاند إلى مصانع الصلب اليابانية المزدهرة. ثم جاءت الصين التي تستورد اليوم أكثر من مليار طن سنوياً، وتشحن أستراليا أكثر من نصف خام الحديد المنقول بحراً في العالم، وبلغت قيمة صادراتها منه نحو 76 مليار دولار أمريكي (117 مليار دولار أسترالي) في 2025–2026. وظهر منافس في سيماندو بغينيا يستهدف 120 مليون طن سنوياً بعد أول شحنة أواخر 2025، فيما أنشأت أستراليا صندوقاً للحديد الأخضر بمليار دولار أسترالي مع أولى المبيعات المقررة بحلول 2031. حظرت أستراليا خام الحديد خوفاً من نفاده، فصار أكبر صادراتها. والآن: هل تواصل بيع الصخور أم تبدأ ببيع المعدن؟</video:description>
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      <video:title>澳大利亚铁矿石：从 1938 年出口禁令到全球最大海运供应国</video:title>
      <video:description>1938 年，澳大利亚因担心铁矿石枯竭而禁止出口。后来，朗·汉考克低空飞越哈默斯利山脉，在皮尔巴拉发现了成片的铁矿岩壁，禁令随之放宽，第一批皮尔巴拉矿石从黑德兰港运往正处于繁荣期的日本钢厂。随后中国崛起，如今每年进口铁矿石超过 10 亿吨，而澳大利亚供应全球一半以上的海运铁矿石；2025–26 年度其铁矿石出口额约 760 亿美元（1170 亿澳元）。对手已经出现：几内亚的西芒杜于 2025 年底首船发运，目标年产 1.2 亿吨；澳大利亚则设立了 10 亿澳元的绿色钢铁基金，首批销售预计在 2031 年前实现。澳大利亚曾因担心枯竭而禁止出口铁矿石，它却成了最大的出口商品。下一步：继续卖矿石，还是开始卖金属？</video:description>
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      <video:title>Mineral de hierro australiano: de la prohibición de 1938 al mayor proveedor marítimo</video:title>
      <video:description>En 1938 Australia prohibió exportar mineral de hierro por miedo a que se agotara. Después, el vuelo rasante de Lang Hancock sobre la cordillera Hamersley reveló auténticas paredes de hierro en la Pilbara, la prohibición se suavizó y el primer mineral de la Pilbara zarpó de Port Hedland hacia las acerías de un Japón en pleno auge. Luego llegó China, que hoy importa más de mil millones de toneladas al año, y Australia embarca más de la mitad del mineral de hierro marítimo del mundo; sus exportaciones de mineral de hierro valieron unos 76.000 millones de dólares (117.000 millones de dólares australianos) en 2025-26. Ha surgido un rival en Simandou, en Guinea, que apunta a 120 millones de toneladas al año tras su primer envío a finales de 2025, y Australia ha creado un fondo de hierro verde de 1.000 millones de dólares australianos, con las primeras ventas previstas para 2031. Australia prohibió el mineral de hierro por miedo a quedarse sin él y se convirtió en su mayor exportación. ¿Y ahora: seguir vendiendo roca o empezar a vender metal?</video:description>
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      <video:description>Most sulphur isn't mined: it is a by-product of oil and gas processing, and about 85% of it becomes sulphuric acid for fertiliser and metals. That acid makes about 22% of the world's mined copper through leaching, and Indonesia's HPAL nickel plants use more than 10 tonnes of sulphur for every tonne of nickel. In 2025, 76% of Indonesia's sulphur came from the Middle East, through one strait; since the war began the sulphur price has risen about 50%, and sulphur has climbed to 37% of Indonesia's nickel cost, up from 26%, as China curbs its acid exports. The energy transition runs on a waste product of the oil industry.</video:description>
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      <video:description>Большую часть серы не добывают: это побочный продукт переработки нефти и газа, и около 85% её превращается в серную кислоту для удобрений и металлургии. С помощью кислотного выщелачивания получают около 22% добываемой в мире меди, а индонезийские никелевые заводы HPAL расходуют больше 10 тонн серы на тонну никеля. В 2025 году 76% серы Индонезия получала с Ближнего Востока — через один пролив; с начала войны сера подорожала примерно на 50% и выросла до 37% себестоимости индонезийского никеля против 26%, а Китай ограничил экспорт кислоты. Энергопереход держится на отходах нефтяной промышленности.</video:description>
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      <video:description>معظم الكبريت لا يُستخرج من المناجم، بل هو منتج ثانوي لمعالجة النفط والغاز، ويتحول نحو 85% منه إلى حمض الكبريتيك للأسمدة والمعادن. ويُنتج بهذا الحمض نحو 22% من النحاس المستخرج في العالم بطريقة الترشيح، وتستهلك مصانع النيكل الإندونيسية العاملة بتقنية HPAL أكثر من 10 أطنان من الكبريت لكل طن من النيكل. وفي 2025 جاء 76% من كبريت إندونيسيا من الشرق الأوسط عبر مضيق واحد؛ ومنذ بدء الحرب ارتفع سعر الكبريت نحو 50%، وصار يشكّل 37% من كلفة النيكل الإندونيسي بعد أن كان 26%، فيما تقيّد الصين صادراتها من الحمض. التحول في مجال الطاقة يعتمد على نفايات صناعة النفط.</video:description>
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      <video:title>硫磺详解：能源转型所依赖的石油工业副产品</video:title>
      <video:description>大部分硫磺并非开采而来，而是石油和天然气加工的副产品，其中约 85% 被制成硫酸，用于化肥和金属生产。全球约 22% 的矿产铜借助硫酸浸出工艺生产，印尼的高压酸浸（HPAL）镍厂每生产一吨镍要消耗 10 吨以上硫磺。2025 年，印尼 76% 的硫磺来自中东，且须经过同一条海峡；战争爆发以来，硫磺价格上涨约 50%，在印尼镍成本中的占比从 26% 升至 37%，而中国又限制了硫酸出口。能源转型所依赖的，竟是石油工业的废料。</video:description>
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      <video:description>Urea — 46% nitrogen, made from natural gas — is the world's main nitrogen fertiliser. India uses about 40 million tonnes a year, and farmers pay roughly US$3 for a 45 kg bag, a price that has barely moved since 2012 while the state pays the rest. Since 2015 it has been neem-coated so subsidised fertiliser cannot be diverted to factories, and imports jumped 120% to more than 7 million tonnes in April–November 2024. Urea's second job is AdBlue, which most modern diesel trucks need — and in 2021, with about 80% of Australia's urea coming from China, the country was left with weeks of supply before emergency shipments arrived.</video:description>
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      <video:description>Мочевина — 46% азота, производится из природного газа — главное азотное удобрение в мире. Индия потребляет около 40 млн тонн в год, а фермер платит примерно 3 доллара за мешок 45 кг: цена почти не менялась с 2012 года, остальное оплачивает государство. С 2015 года мочевину покрывают маслом нима, чтобы субсидированное удобрение нельзя было перенаправить на заводы, а импорт в апреле–ноябре 2024 года вырос на 120%, до более чем 7 млн тонн. Вторая работа мочевины — AdBlue, без которого не обходится большинство современных дизельных грузовиков. В 2021 году, когда около 80% мочевины в Австралию поставлял Китай, у страны оставалось запасов на считанные недели, пока не пришли экстренные поставки.</video:description>
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      <video:description>اليوريا سماد يحتوي على 46% من النيتروجين ويُصنع من الغاز الطبيعي، وهو السماد النيتروجيني الأول في العالم. تستهلك الهند نحو 40 مليون طن سنوياً، ويدفع المزارع قرابة 3 دولارات للكيس الواحد زنة 45 كغ، وهو سعر لم يتغير تقريباً منذ 2012 بينما تتحمل الدولة الباقي. ومنذ 2015 تُغلَّف اليوريا بزيت النيم حتى لا يُحوَّل السماد المدعوم إلى المصانع، وقفزت الواردات بنسبة 120% إلى أكثر من 7 ملايين طن بين أبريل ونوفمبر 2024. والوظيفة الثانية لليوريا هي محلول AdBlue الذي تحتاجه معظم شاحنات الديزل الحديثة؛ وفي 2021، حين كانت الصين مصدر نحو 80% من يوريا أستراليا، لم يتبقَّ للبلاد سوى مخزون أسابيع قليلة قبل وصول شحنات طارئة.</video:description>
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      <video:description>尿素含氮 46%，以天然气为原料，是全球最主要的氮肥。印度每年消耗约 4000 万吨尿素，农民买一袋 45 公斤的尿素只需约 3 美元，这一价格自 2012 年以来几乎没有变动，其余部分由政府补贴。自 2015 年起，尿素须包覆印楝油，以防补贴化肥被挪作工业用途；2024 年 4 月至 11 月，进口量激增 120%，超过 700 万吨。尿素的第二个用途是 AdBlue，大多数现代柴油卡车都离不开它。2021 年，澳大利亚约 80% 的尿素来自中国，一度只剩几周库存，直到紧急船货运抵。</video:description>
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      <video:description>La urea —46% de nitrógeno, fabricada a partir de gas natural— es el principal fertilizante nitrogenado del mundo. La India consume unos 40 millones de toneladas al año y el agricultor paga unos 3 dólares por un saco de 45 kg, un precio que apenas ha cambiado desde 2012 mientras el Estado paga el resto. Desde 2015 se recubre con aceite de neem para que el fertilizante subvencionado no se desvíe a las fábricas, y las importaciones subieron un 120%, a más de 7 millones de toneladas, entre abril y noviembre de 2024. Su segundo uso es el AdBlue, que necesitan la mayoría de los camiones diésel modernos: en 2021, con cerca del 80% de la urea de Australia procedente de China, el país se quedó con semanas de suministro hasta que llegaron envíos de emergencia.</video:description>
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      <video:title>TC/RC по меди простыми словами: почему плата за переработку упала до нуля и ниже</video:title>
      <video:description>Медный рудник продаёт не чистую медь: в концентрате лишь около 25–30% меди, остальное — железо, сера и порода, и его везут на плавильные заводы, примерно половина мировых мощностей которых находится в Китае. Горняк платит заводу за переработку и рафинирование — TC/RC. Годовой бенчмарк в 2023 году достиг 87 долларов за тонну, шестилетнего максимума, в 2025-м упал на 76%, до 21,25 доллара, а на 2026 год опустился до нуля в сделке Antofagasta с китайским заводом; спотовые ставки и вовсе ушли в минус — заводы доплачивают горнякам. Новые заводы в Китае, Индии и Индонезии опередили добычу, которую подорвали перебои на Cobre Panamá и Grasberg, и теперь заводы живут за счёт попутной продукции: серной кислоты, золота и серебра. В меди власть перешла от заводов к рудникам.</video:description>
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      <video:description>لا يبيع منجم النحاس نحاساً خالصاً، فالمركّز لا يحتوي إلا على نحو 25 إلى 30% من النحاس والباقي حديد وكبريت وصخور، ويُشحن إلى المصاهر، ويقع قرابة نصف طاقة الصهر العالمية في الصين. ويدفع المنجم للمصهر رسوم المعالجة والتكرير (TC/RC). بلغ السعر المرجعي السنوي 87 دولاراً للطن في 2023، وهو الأعلى في ست سنوات، ثم هبط 76% إلى 21.25 دولاراً في 2025، ووصل إلى الصفر لعام 2026 في اتفاق بين أنتوفاغاستا ومصهر صيني، بينما صارت الرسوم الفورية سالبة، أي إن المصاهر تدفع للمناجم. فقد تجاوزت المصاهر الجديدة في الصين والهند وإندونيسيا إمدادات المناجم التي تضررت من اضطرابات كوبري بنما وغراسبيرغ، وباتت المصاهر تعيش على المنتجات الثانوية: حمض الكبريتيك والذهب والفضة. في النحاس انتقلت القوة من المصانع إلى المناجم.</video:description>
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      <video:title>铜加工费 TC/RC 详解：冶炼费为何跌至零甚至负值</video:title>
      <video:description>铜矿卖的不是纯铜：铜精矿的含铜量仅约 25%–30%，其余是铁、硫和脉石，精矿运往冶炼厂，而全球约一半的冶炼产能在中国。矿商向冶炼厂支付加工精炼费，即 TC/RC。年度基准在 2023 年达到每吨 87 美元，为六年高点；2025 年下跌 76% 至 21.25 美元；2026 年在安托法加斯塔与一家中国冶炼厂的协议中降至零，现货加工费更是转为负值——冶炼厂倒贴矿商。中国、印度和印尼新建的冶炼产能超过了矿山供应，而矿山供应又受到 Cobre Panamá 和格拉斯伯格停产扰动的冲击，冶炼厂如今靠副产品——硫酸、黄金和白银——维持。在铜市场，主导权已从工厂转向矿山。</video:description>
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      <video:title>Los TC/RC del cobre explicados: por qué las tarifas de fundición cayeron a cero y por debajo</video:title>
      <video:description>Una mina de cobre no vende cobre puro: el concentrado solo tiene un 25–30% de cobre, el resto es hierro, azufre y roca, y se envía a las fundiciones; cerca de la mitad de la capacidad mundial de fundición está en China. La minera paga a la fundición un cargo de tratamiento y refinación, el TC/RC. La referencia anual alcanzó 87 dólares por tonelada en 2023, máximo de seis años, cayó un 76% hasta 21,25 dólares en 2025 y llegó a cero para 2026 en un acuerdo entre Antofagasta y una fundición china, mientras las tarifas spot pasaron a ser negativas: las fundiciones pagan a las mineras. Las nuevas fundiciones de China, India e Indonesia superaron a la oferta de las minas, golpeada por las interrupciones en Cobre Panamá y Grasberg, y ahora las fundiciones viven de los subproductos: ácido sulfúrico, oro y plata. En el cobre, el poder ha pasado de las fábricas a las minas.</video:description>
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      <video:description>Australia mined 53% of the world's lithium in 2023. Lithium was found at Greenbushes in Western Australia in 1980 by accident, while exploring for tantalum, and it is shipped as rock: spodumene concentrate of about 6% lithium oxide. In 2023, 96% of Australia's lithium went to China, which does about two-thirds of the world's lithium refining. Spodumene peaked at about US$8,000 a tonne in late 2022, then crashed by about 90% by 2025, shutting or slowing mines, and expansions of the hydroxide refineries at Kwinana and Kemerton were shelved. By early 2026 the price was back above US$1,998, for the first time since October 2023. Australia digs the lithium and China makes the battery chemicals; the real prize is the step in between.</video:description>
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      <video:description>В 2023 году Австралия добыла 53% мирового лития. Литий нашли в Гринбушесе в Западной Австралии в 1980 году случайно, во время поисков тантала, и вывозят его в виде породы — сподуменового концентрата с содержанием оксида лития около 6%. В 2023 году 96% австралийского лития ушло в Китай, на который приходится около двух третей мировой переработки лития. Сподумен достиг пика около 8000 долларов за тонну в конце 2022 года, а к 2025-му обвалился примерно на 90%: рудники закрывались или сокращали добычу, а расширение заводов по производству гидроксида в Квинане и Кемертоне отложили. К началу 2026 года цена снова поднялась выше 1998 долларов — впервые с октября 2023 года. Австралия добывает литий, Китай делает химию для батарей, а главный приз — это шаг между ними.</video:description>
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      <video:title>الليثيوم الأسترالي: من سبودومين غرينبوشز إلى كيماويات البطاريات الصينية</video:title>
      <video:description>استخرجت أستراليا 53% من ليثيوم العالم في 2023. وقد اكتُشف الليثيوم في غرينبوشز بغرب أستراليا عام 1980 مصادفةً أثناء التنقيب عن التنتالوم، ويُشحن على هيئة صخر: مركّز سبودومين يحتوي على نحو 6% من أكسيد الليثيوم. وفي 2023 ذهب 96% من ليثيوم أستراليا إلى الصين، التي تتولى نحو ثلثي تكرير الليثيوم في العالم. وبلغ سعر السبودومين ذروته عند نحو 8 آلاف دولار للطن أواخر 2022، ثم انهار نحو 90% بحلول 2025، فأُغلقت مناجم أو أبطأت إنتاجها، وجُمّدت توسعات مصافي هيدروكسيد الليثيوم في كوينانا وكيمرتون. وبحلول مطلع 2026 عاد السعر إلى ما فوق 1998 دولاراً لأول مرة منذ أكتوبر 2023. أستراليا تستخرج الليثيوم والصين تصنع كيماويات البطاريات، والجائزة الحقيقية هي الخطوة بينهما.</video:description>
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      <video:title>澳大利亚锂：从格林布什锂辉石到中国的电池化学品</video:title>
      <video:description>2023 年，澳大利亚开采了全球 53% 的锂。1980 年，人们在西澳的格林布什勘探钽矿时意外发现了锂；锂以矿石形式出口，即氧化锂含量约 6% 的锂辉石精矿。2023 年，澳大利亚 96% 的锂运往中国，而中国承担着全球约三分之二的锂精炼。锂辉石价格在 2022 年底达到每吨约 8,000 美元的峰值，到 2025 年暴跌约 90%，矿山纷纷关停或减产，奎纳纳和凯默顿的氢氧化锂精炼厂扩建计划也被搁置。到 2026 年初，价格重回 1,998 美元以上，为 2023 年 10 月以来首次。澳大利亚挖锂，中国制造电池化学品，真正的大奖是两者之间的那一步。</video:description>
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      <video:description>Australia extrajo el 53% del litio mundial en 2023. El litio se descubrió en Greenbushes, en Australia Occidental, en 1980 por casualidad, mientras se buscaba tantalio, y se exporta como roca: concentrado de espodumeno con alrededor del 6% de óxido de litio. En 2023, el 96% del litio australiano fue a China, que realiza cerca de dos tercios del refinado de litio del mundo. El espodumeno tocó techo en unos 8.000 dólares por tonelada a finales de 2022 y se desplomó cerca de un 90% hasta 2025, cerrando o frenando minas, y se archivaron las ampliaciones de las refinerías de hidróxido de Kwinana y Kemerton. A principios de 2026 el precio volvió a superar los 1.998 dólares por primera vez desde octubre de 2023. Australia extrae el litio y China fabrica los químicos para baterías; el verdadero premio es el paso intermedio.</video:description>
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      <video:description>交易所里的大部分交易是纸面交易，而非实物：极少有期货合约最终进入交割。伦敦金属交易所成立于 1877 年，以公开喊价的“围圈交易”闻名，为铜、铝、镍、锌设定全球基准价格；纽约的 COMEX 隶属芝商所，交易黄金、白银和铜；上海期货交易所以人民币计价。期货是按约定价格、在约定日期交付的标准合约，矿商用它锁定售价，制造商用它锁定成本，投机者也参与其中。2022 年 3 月，镍价一度翻倍，突破每吨 10 万美元，LME 取消了数十亿美元的交易，并暂停交易约一周。交易所不只是记录价格——它们决定什么才算价格。</video:description>
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      <video:description>على مدى نحو 40 عاماً وحتى 2010 كان لخام الحديد سعر واحد في السنة، يُتفق عليه في مفاوضات سنوية بين كبار المنتجين الثلاثة — BHP وريو تينتو وفالي — ومصانع الصلب في اليابان والصين. العقد طويل الأجل اتفاق يمتد لسنوات بسعر ثابت أو وفق معادلة، أما الصفقة الفورية فشحنة واحدة في كل مرة بتسليم عاجل. وحين انهار النظام السنوي انتقل التسعير إلى فصلي ثم إلى مؤشر يومي. واليوم تجمع معظم التجارة بين الاثنين: كميات مثبّتة لسنوات وسعر يتحرك مع مؤشر. ولا يزال الغاز الطبيعي المسال يُباع غالباً بعقود مدتها 15 إلى 20 عاماً، مثل عقود قطر مع اليابان، وإن كانت حصة السوق الفورية تتزايد. العقد الطويل يمنحك اليقين، والسوق الفورية تمنحك السوق.</video:description>
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      <video:description>大约 40 年间，直到 2010 年，铁矿石每年只有一个价格，由三大矿商——必和必拓、力拓和淡水河谷——与日本、中国钢厂通过年度谈判确定。长协是按固定价格或公式定价的长期合同；现货则是一船一议、即期交付。年度定价体系瓦解后，定价先改为季度，后改为每日指数。如今多数贸易两者兼用：数量锁定多年，价格随指数浮动。液化天然气仍主要采用 15 至 20 年的长期合同，例如卡塔尔与日本之间的合同，但现货占比正在上升。长协带来确定性，现货带来市场。</video:description>
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      <video:family_friendly>yes</video:family_friendly>
    </video:video>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/lme-warehouse-locations-non-ferrous-metals</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-22</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <video:video>
      <video:thumbnail_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/commodity-exchanges.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc>
      <video:title>Commodity exchanges explained: the LME, COMEX, SHFE and how futures set the price</video:title>
      <video:description>Most exchange trading is paper, not metal: few futures contracts ever end in delivery. The London Metal Exchange, founded in 1877 and known for its open-outcry Ring, sets world benchmark prices for copper, aluminium, nickel and zinc; COMEX in New York, part of CME Group, trades gold, silver and copper; the Shanghai Futures Exchange prices in yuan. A future is a standard lot at a set price for a set date, used by miners to lock in prices, by manufacturers to fix costs, and by speculators. In March 2022 nickel more than doubled to over US$100,000 a tonne for a moment, and the LME cancelled billions of dollars of trades and halted trading for about a week. Exchanges don't just record the price — they decide what counts as the price.</video:description>
      <video:content_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/commodity-exchanges.mp4</video:content_loc>
      <video:duration>89</video:duration>
      <video:publication_date>2026-10-09T02:32:56+00:00</video:publication_date>
      <video:family_friendly>yes</video:family_friendly>
    </video:video>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/comprehensive-lme-guide-industrial-metal-markets</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-21</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <video:video>
      <video:thumbnail_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/commodity-exchanges.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc>
      <video:title>Commodity exchanges explained: the LME, COMEX, SHFE and how futures set the price</video:title>
      <video:description>Most exchange trading is paper, not metal: few futures contracts ever end in delivery. The London Metal Exchange, founded in 1877 and known for its open-outcry Ring, sets world benchmark prices for copper, aluminium, nickel and zinc; COMEX in New York, part of CME Group, trades gold, silver and copper; the Shanghai Futures Exchange prices in yuan. A future is a standard lot at a set price for a set date, used by miners to lock in prices, by manufacturers to fix costs, and by speculators. In March 2022 nickel more than doubled to over US$100,000 a tonne for a moment, and the LME cancelled billions of dollars of trades and halted trading for about a week. Exchanges don't just record the price — they decide what counts as the price.</video:description>
      <video:content_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/commodity-exchanges.mp4</video:content_loc>
      <video:duration>89</video:duration>
      <video:publication_date>2026-10-09T02:32:56+00:00</video:publication_date>
      <video:family_friendly>yes</video:family_friendly>
    </video:video>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/strait-of-hormuz-closure-2026-gulf-commodity-trade</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-20</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <video:video>
      <video:thumbnail_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/strait-of-hormuz.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc>
      <video:title>The Strait of Hormuz: the 39 km waterway that carries a quarter of seaborne oil</video:title>
      <video:description>Between Iran and Oman, the Strait of Hormuz is 39 km wide at its narrowest — shorter than a marathon — with two shipping lanes of 3.7 km each, both in Omani waters beside Musandam, the tip of Oman cut off from the rest of the country by the UAE. From 2023 to 2025 it carried about a quarter of the world's seaborne oil. In March 2026 Iran's Revolutionary Guards declared it closed; tanker traffic fell by about 90% as ships were hit and mines were reported, and a reopening in April fell apart within days. Qatar's LNG exports were stranded, and on the other side of the world Australia held about 30 days of diesel against the IEA's 90-day benchmark. A strait shorter than a marathon holds a quarter of the world's oil trade.</video:description>
      <video:content_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/strait-of-hormuz.mp4</video:content_loc>
      <video:duration>79</video:duration>
      <video:publication_date>2026-10-08T14:36:48+00:00</video:publication_date>
      <video:family_friendly>yes</video:family_friendly>
    </video:video>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/what-does-dap-mean-incoterms-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-20</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/cif-usloviya-postavki-chto-eto-prostymi-slovami-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-19</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <video:video>
      <video:thumbnail_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/fob-vs-cif.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc>
      <video:title>FOB vs CIF explained: who pays for the ship and who carries the risk</video:title>
      <video:description>A 90-second explainer of the Incoterms 2020 rules FOB, CFR and CIF. Under FOB the seller loads the ship, then freight and risk are the buyer's. Under CFR the seller pays for the ship, but risk still passes at loading. Under CIF the seller also insures, at minimum cover by default. Two quotes for the same cargo on the same day can differ by freight alone — so before you ask the price, ask: price where?</video:description>
      <video:content_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/fob-vs-cif.mp4</video:content_loc>
      <video:duration>91</video:duration>
      <video:publication_date>2026-10-09T01:58:35+00:00</video:publication_date>
      <video:family_friendly>yes</video:family_friendly>
    </video:video>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/what-is-coa-global-trade-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-18</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <video:video>
      <video:thumbnail_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/cargo-surveyors.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc>
      <video:title>Cargo surveyors explained: sampling, the assay, the draught survey and the umpire lab</video:title>
      <video:description>A bulk shipload is worth millions of dollars, and its price depends on what is inside. Samples are taken from the conveyor as the ship loads, and the assay — metal, moisture and impurities — sets the final price. The draught survey weighs the cargo by how deep the ship sits: on a big bulk carrier, one centimetre of draught is more than 100 tonnes. Buyer and seller each send samples to their own lab; if the results are close they split the difference, and if not, a third, independent umpire lab decides. Moisture is a safety matter too: wet ore can liquefy and shift in heavy seas, as when the Bulk Jupiter sank off Vietnam in January 2015 carrying bauxite from Malaysia, with 18 of its 19 crew lost. In bulk commodities, the scale and the lab matter as much as the price.</video:description>
      <video:content_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/cargo-surveyors.mp4</video:content_loc>
      <video:duration>86</video:duration>
      <video:publication_date>2026-10-09T04:37:44+00:00</video:publication_date>
      <video:family_friendly>yes</video:family_friendly>
    </video:video>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/clarksons-dry-bulk-market-update-feb-2026-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-17</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/what-is-demurrage-shipping-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-16</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <video:video>
      <video:thumbnail_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/demurrage-laytime.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc>
      <video:title>Demurrage explained: laytime, despatch and why bulk shipping is charged by the day</video:title>
      <video:description>Laytime is the time a charter allows to load and unload a ship. Go past it and the charterer pays the shipowner demurrage for every extra day — and it is not small: Capesize ships were earning more than US$40,000 a day on the spot market in late 2025, so two weeks of waiting costs US$560,000 before a tonne moves. The days add up in queues at ports, canals and war zones, from Hormuz and the Red Sea to Panama and the coal ports. Load faster than agreed and the shipowner may pay despatch instead, often half the demurrage rate. Time is a cost in every bulk deal: in bulk trade, time is money, charged by the day.</video:description>
      <video:content_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/demurrage-laytime.mp4</video:content_loc>
      <video:duration>76</video:duration>
      <video:publication_date>2026-10-09T04:35:23+00:00</video:publication_date>
      <video:family_friendly>yes</video:family_friendly>
    </video:video>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/what-graphite-suppliers-balance-cost-and-performance-for-ev-batteries</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-15</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/what-is-sgs-global-trade-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-14</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <video:video>
      <video:thumbnail_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/cargo-surveyors.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc>
      <video:title>Cargo surveyors explained: sampling, the assay, the draught survey and the umpire lab</video:title>
      <video:description>A bulk shipload is worth millions of dollars, and its price depends on what is inside. Samples are taken from the conveyor as the ship loads, and the assay — metal, moisture and impurities — sets the final price. The draught survey weighs the cargo by how deep the ship sits: on a big bulk carrier, one centimetre of draught is more than 100 tonnes. Buyer and seller each send samples to their own lab; if the results are close they split the difference, and if not, a third, independent umpire lab decides. Moisture is a safety matter too: wet ore can liquefy and shift in heavy seas, as when the Bulk Jupiter sank off Vietnam in January 2015 carrying bauxite from Malaysia, with 18 of its 19 crew lost. In bulk commodities, the scale and the lab matter as much as the price.</video:description>
      <video:content_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/cargo-surveyors.mp4</video:content_loc>
      <video:duration>86</video:duration>
      <video:publication_date>2026-10-09T04:37:44+00:00</video:publication_date>
      <video:family_friendly>yes</video:family_friendly>
    </video:video>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/cfr-chto-eto-takoe-v-logistike-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-13</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <video:video>
      <video:thumbnail_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/fob-vs-cif.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc>
      <video:title>FOB vs CIF explained: who pays for the ship and who carries the risk</video:title>
      <video:description>A 90-second explainer of the Incoterms 2020 rules FOB, CFR and CIF. Under FOB the seller loads the ship, then freight and risk are the buyer's. Under CFR the seller pays for the ship, but risk still passes at loading. Under CIF the seller also insures, at minimum cover by default. Two quotes for the same cargo on the same day can differ by freight alone — so before you ask the price, ask: price where?</video:description>
      <video:content_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/fob-vs-cif.mp4</video:content_loc>
      <video:duration>91</video:duration>
      <video:publication_date>2026-10-09T01:58:35+00:00</video:publication_date>
      <video:family_friendly>yes</video:family_friendly>
    </video:video>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/what-does-sgs-stand-for-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-12</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <video:video>
      <video:thumbnail_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/cargo-surveyors.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc>
      <video:title>Cargo surveyors explained: sampling, the assay, the draught survey and the umpire lab</video:title>
      <video:description>A bulk shipload is worth millions of dollars, and its price depends on what is inside. Samples are taken from the conveyor as the ship loads, and the assay — metal, moisture and impurities — sets the final price. The draught survey weighs the cargo by how deep the ship sits: on a big bulk carrier, one centimetre of draught is more than 100 tonnes. Buyer and seller each send samples to their own lab; if the results are close they split the difference, and if not, a third, independent umpire lab decides. Moisture is a safety matter too: wet ore can liquefy and shift in heavy seas, as when the Bulk Jupiter sank off Vietnam in January 2015 carrying bauxite from Malaysia, with 18 of its 19 crew lost. In bulk commodities, the scale and the lab matter as much as the price.</video:description>
      <video:content_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/cargo-surveyors.mp4</video:content_loc>
      <video:duration>86</video:duration>
      <video:publication_date>2026-10-09T04:37:44+00:00</video:publication_date>
      <video:family_friendly>yes</video:family_friendly>
    </video:video>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/que-es-laycan-en-comercio-exterior-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-11</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/documentary-collection-vs-letter-of-credit-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-10</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <video:video>
      <video:thumbnail_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/letters-of-credit.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc>
      <video:title>Letters of credit explained: how banks bridge the trust gap in trade</video:title>
      <video:description>An 83-second explainer of how a letter of credit works between a buyer and a seller who have never met — a buyer in India, a seller in Australia. The buyer's bank promises to pay against the right documents, chief among them the bill of lading: the ship's receipt, issued in three originals, whose holder controls the cargo. Under UCP 600, the ICC rules for letters of credit, banks check paper, not ore — so one wrong date, name or stamp is a discrepancy that stops payment. Since 20 September 2023, UK law gives electronic bills of lading the same standing as paper.</video:description>
      <video:content_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/letters-of-credit.mp4</video:content_loc>
      <video:duration>83</video:duration>
      <video:publication_date>2026-10-09T02:21:43+00:00</video:publication_date>
      <video:family_friendly>yes</video:family_friendly>
    </video:video>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/cheapest-freight-rates-dry-bulk-cargo-major-trade-lanes</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-10</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/evaluate-trade-intelligence-company-navigate-commodities-chartering</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-08</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/b2last-contact-basf-middle-east-distributor-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-08</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/b2last-basf-asia-pacific-project-road-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-06</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/what-is-driving-the-dry-bulk-supply-and-demand-imbalance-in-2026</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-05</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/b2last-latin-america-brazil-colombia-road-project-basf-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-08</lastmod>
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    <priority>0.6</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/can-a-foreigner-buy-a-mine-in-australia</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-08</lastmod>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/what-is-alluvial-gold-placer-gold-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-08</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/mining-due-diligence-checklist-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-03</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/raw-resources-for-sale-sourcing-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-02</lastmod>
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    <priority>0.6</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/asphalt-pavement-failure-hot-climate-middle-east</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-01</lastmod>
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    <priority>0.6</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/b2last-australia-new-zealand-asphalt-trial-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-08-31</lastmod>
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    <priority>0.6</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/b2last-europe-field-trial-netherlands-belgium-france-road-project-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-08</lastmod>
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    <priority>0.6</priority>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/copper-concentrate-flotation-process-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-08-29</lastmod>
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    <priority>0.6</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/b2last-asphalt-paving-project-country-highway-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-08-28</lastmod>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/copper-concentrate-vs-copper-cathode-pricing</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-09-23</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <video:video>
      <video:thumbnail_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/copper-tc-rc-smelters.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc>
      <video:title>Copper TC/RCs explained: why smelter fees fell to zero and below</video:title>
      <video:description>A copper mine does not sell pure copper: concentrate is only about 25–30% copper, the rest iron, sulphur and rock, and it ships to smelters — about half of the world's smelting capacity is in China. The miner pays the smelter a treatment and refining charge, the TC/RC. The annual benchmark hit US$87 a tonne in 2023, a six-year high, fell 76% to US$21.25 in 2025, and reached zero for 2026 in a deal between Antofagasta and a Chinese smelter, while spot fees went negative, with smelters paying miners. New smelters in China, India and Indonesia outran mine supply, which was hit by disruptions at Cobre Panamá and Grasberg, and smelters now live on by-products: sulphuric acid, gold and silver. In copper, the power has moved from the factories to the mines.</video:description>
      <video:content_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/copper-tc-rc-smelters.mp4</video:content_loc>
      <video:duration>90</video:duration>
      <video:publication_date>2026-10-08T15:16:18+00:00</video:publication_date>
      <video:family_friendly>yes</video:family_friendly>
    </video:video>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/basf-b2last-gulf-countries-road-construction</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-08-27</lastmod>
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    <priority>0.6</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/copper-wire-rod-export-logistics-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-08-26</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/graphite-supply-chain-for-electric-vehicles-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-08-25</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/sulphur-granulated-sourcing-middle-east-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-08-24</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <video:video>
      <video:thumbnail_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/sulphur.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc>
      <video:title>Sulphur explained: the oil industry by-product the energy transition runs on</video:title>
      <video:description>Most sulphur isn't mined: it is a by-product of oil and gas processing, and about 85% of it becomes sulphuric acid for fertiliser and metals. That acid makes about 22% of the world's mined copper through leaching, and Indonesia's HPAL nickel plants use more than 10 tonnes of sulphur for every tonne of nickel. In 2025, 76% of Indonesia's sulphur came from the Middle East, through one strait; since the war began the sulphur price has risen about 50%, and sulphur has climbed to 37% of Indonesia's nickel cost, up from 26%, as China curbs its acid exports. The energy transition runs on a waste product of the oil industry.</video:description>
      <video:content_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/sulphur.mp4</video:content_loc>
      <video:duration>79</video:duration>
      <video:publication_date>2026-10-08T14:51:09+00:00</video:publication_date>
      <video:family_friendly>yes</video:family_friendly>
    </video:video>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/biggest-commodity-reserve-positions-2026</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-08-23</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <video:video>
      <video:thumbnail_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/uranium.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc>
      <video:title>Australian uranium: the world's largest reserves, and no nuclear power at home</video:title>
      <video:description>Australia holds about 35% of the world's known uranium, by the IAEA and NEA's 2019 estimate. Olympic Dam, found in 1975 under a pastoral station, is the largest known uranium deposit, and Australia is the third-largest producer after Kazakhstan and Canada, exporting to Europe, Asia and the Americas. Politics has shaped the industry: a three-mines policy from 1984 to 1996, the Ranger mine surrounded by Kakadu National Park for 39 years until it closed in 2021, and nuclear power plants banned under the ARPANS Act of 1998 and the EPBC Act of 1999. Australia's only reactor, at Lucas Heights, makes medical isotopes rather than power; the country is acquiring nuclear submarines, but the opposition that proposed nuclear plants lost the 2025 election, and coal and gas still generate most of its electricity. Australia has the fuel of the nuclear age and sells it to everyone else.</video:description>
      <video:content_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/uranium.mp4</video:content_loc>
      <video:duration>99</video:duration>
      <video:publication_date>2026-10-08T13:50:25+00:00</video:publication_date>
      <video:family_friendly>yes</video:family_friendly>
    </video:video>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/who-produces-the-worlds-raw-materials-2026</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-08-23</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/iron-ore-beneficiation-and-transport-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-08-23</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <video:video>
      <video:thumbnail_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/iron-ore.jpg</video:thumbnail_loc>
      <video:title>Australian iron ore: from a 1938 export ban to the world's biggest seaborne supplier</video:title>
      <video:description>In 1938 Australia banned iron ore exports for fear of running out. Then Lang Hancock's low flight over the Hamersley Range revealed walls of iron in the Pilbara, the ban eased, and the first Pilbara ore sailed from Port Hedland to Japan's booming steel mills. China came next, now importing more than a billion tonnes a year, and Australia ships more than half of the world's seaborne iron ore; its iron ore exports were worth about US$76 billion (A$117 billion) in 2025–26. A rival has arrived in Guinea's Simandou, targeting 120 million tonnes a year after its first ship in late 2025, and Australia has set up a A$1 billion green iron fund, with first sales due by 2031. Australia banned iron ore for fear of running out; it became the biggest export. Next: keep selling rock, or start selling metal?</video:description>
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      <video:duration>122</video:duration>
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    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/why-is-sulphur-recovery-important</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-08-22</lastmod>
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      <video:title>Sulphur explained: the oil industry by-product the energy transition runs on</video:title>
      <video:description>Most sulphur isn't mined: it is a by-product of oil and gas processing, and about 85% of it becomes sulphuric acid for fertiliser and metals. That acid makes about 22% of the world's mined copper through leaching, and Indonesia's HPAL nickel plants use more than 10 tonnes of sulphur for every tonne of nickel. In 2025, 76% of Indonesia's sulphur came from the Middle East, through one strait; since the war began the sulphur price has risen about 50%, and sulphur has climbed to 37% of Indonesia's nickel cost, up from 26%, as China curbs its acid exports. The energy transition runs on a waste product of the oil industry.</video:description>
      <video:content_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/sulphur.mp4</video:content_loc>
      <video:duration>79</video:duration>
      <video:publication_date>2026-10-08T14:51:09+00:00</video:publication_date>
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    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/shipping-bitumen-in-containers-vs-tankers-guide</loc>
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    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/how-sulfur-recovery-fits-within-gas-treatment-facilities</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-08-20</lastmod>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/b2last-hot-climate-middle-east-gulf-trial-project-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-08-19</lastmod>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/aluminium-billet-transport-challenges-guide-2026</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-08-18</lastmod>
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    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/bulk-commodity-chartering-best-practices-guide</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-08-17</lastmod>
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      <video:title>Demurrage explained: laytime, despatch and why bulk shipping is charged by the day</video:title>
      <video:description>Laytime is the time a charter allows to load and unload a ship. Go past it and the charterer pays the shipowner demurrage for every extra day — and it is not small: Capesize ships were earning more than US$40,000 a day on the spot market in late 2025, so two weeks of waiting costs US$560,000 before a tonne moves. The days add up in queues at ports, canals and war zones, from Hormuz and the Red Sea to Panama and the coal ports. Load faster than agreed and the shipowner may pay despatch instead, often half the demurrage rate. Time is a cost in every bulk deal: in bulk trade, time is money, charged by the day.</video:description>
      <video:content_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/demurrage-laytime.mp4</video:content_loc>
      <video:duration>76</video:duration>
      <video:publication_date>2026-10-09T04:35:23+00:00</video:publication_date>
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    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/dry-bulk-shipping-rates-2026-trends</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-08-15</lastmod>
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  <url>
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    <lastmod>2026-08-14</lastmod>
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      <video:title>Urea explained: the gas-made fertiliser behind India's subsidies and AdBlue</video:title>
      <video:description>Urea — 46% nitrogen, made from natural gas — is the world's main nitrogen fertiliser. India uses about 40 million tonnes a year, and farmers pay roughly US$3 for a 45 kg bag, a price that has barely moved since 2012 while the state pays the rest. Since 2015 it has been neem-coated so subsidised fertiliser cannot be diverted to factories, and imports jumped 120% to more than 7 million tonnes in April–November 2024. Urea's second job is AdBlue, which most modern diesel trucks need — and in 2021, with about 80% of Australia's urea coming from China, the country was left with weeks of supply before emergency shipments arrived.</video:description>
      <video:content_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/urea.mp4</video:content_loc>
      <video:duration>87</video:duration>
      <video:publication_date>2026-10-09T03:14:13+00:00</video:publication_date>
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      <video:title>铁矿石如何定价：普氏 IODEX 指数，以及从 62% 到 61% 品位的转变</video:title>
      <video:description>铁矿石只看一个数字：普氏 IODEX 指数，这是以 CFR 条件交付中国北方青岛港的铁矿石每日价格指数，矿商、贸易商和钢厂都以它为定价基准。多年来，基准配方是 62% 铁品位；自 2026 年 1 月 2 日起，IODEX 改为 61% 品位，因为矿石越来越贫——而从黑德兰港和丹皮尔港发货的澳大利亚，供应着全球一半以上的海运铁矿石。新规格允许更多杂质：二氧化硅上限从 4% 提高到 4.5%，氧化铝从 2.25% 提高到 2.5%。高硅高铝矿石要打折，因为钢厂需要烧更多焦炭来去除杂质；而巴西卡拉加斯等高品位矿石则享有溢价。每船货都按指数加减其化学成分对应的升贴水成交：价格对应的是一份配方，而随着优质矿石日渐枯竭，配方也在改变。</video:description>
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      <video:duration>87</video:duration>
      <video:publication_date>2026-10-08T15:14:43+00:00</video:publication_date>
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    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/sera-gost-127-marki-gf-i-postavki</loc>
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    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/grafit-cheshuychatyy-amorfnyy-postavki-tseny</loc>
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    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/hs-codes-for-commodity-imports</loc>
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    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/understanding-lme-pricing-copper-and-aluminium</loc>
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      <video:title>Commodity exchanges explained: the LME, COMEX, SHFE and how futures set the price</video:title>
      <video:description>Most exchange trading is paper, not metal: few futures contracts ever end in delivery. The London Metal Exchange, founded in 1877 and known for its open-outcry Ring, sets world benchmark prices for copper, aluminium, nickel and zinc; COMEX in New York, part of CME Group, trades gold, silver and copper; the Shanghai Futures Exchange prices in yuan. A future is a standard lot at a set price for a set date, used by miners to lock in prices, by manufacturers to fix costs, and by speculators. In March 2022 nickel more than doubled to over US$100,000 a tonne for a moment, and the LME cancelled billions of dollars of trades and halted trading for about a week. Exchanges don't just record the price — they decide what counts as the price.</video:description>
      <video:content_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/commodity-exchanges.mp4</video:content_loc>
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      <video:publication_date>2026-10-09T02:32:56+00:00</video:publication_date>
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    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/commodity-brokers-vs-direct-traders</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-08-09</lastmod>
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      <video:title>Urea explained: the gas-made fertiliser behind India's subsidies and AdBlue</video:title>
      <video:description>Urea — 46% nitrogen, made from natural gas — is the world's main nitrogen fertiliser. India uses about 40 million tonnes a year, and farmers pay roughly US$3 for a 45 kg bag, a price that has barely moved since 2012 while the state pays the rest. Since 2015 it has been neem-coated so subsidised fertiliser cannot be diverted to factories, and imports jumped 120% to more than 7 million tonnes in April–November 2024. Urea's second job is AdBlue, which most modern diesel trucks need — and in 2021, with about 80% of Australia's urea coming from China, the country was left with weeks of supply before emergency shipments arrived.</video:description>
      <video:content_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/urea.mp4</video:content_loc>
      <video:duration>87</video:duration>
      <video:publication_date>2026-10-09T03:14:13+00:00</video:publication_date>
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      <video:description>A bulk shipload is worth millions of dollars, and its price depends on what is inside. Samples are taken from the conveyor as the ship loads, and the assay — metal, moisture and impurities — sets the final price. The draught survey weighs the cargo by how deep the ship sits: on a big bulk carrier, one centimetre of draught is more than 100 tonnes. Buyer and seller each send samples to their own lab; if the results are close they split the difference, and if not, a third, independent umpire lab decides. Moisture is a safety matter too: wet ore can liquefy and shift in heavy seas, as when the Bulk Jupiter sank off Vietnam in January 2015 carrying bauxite from Malaysia, with 18 of its 19 crew lost. In bulk commodities, the scale and the lab matter as much as the price.</video:description>
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      <video:duration>86</video:duration>
      <video:publication_date>2026-10-09T04:37:44+00:00</video:publication_date>
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      <video:title>Sulphur explained: the oil industry by-product the energy transition runs on</video:title>
      <video:description>Most sulphur isn't mined: it is a by-product of oil and gas processing, and about 85% of it becomes sulphuric acid for fertiliser and metals. That acid makes about 22% of the world's mined copper through leaching, and Indonesia's HPAL nickel plants use more than 10 tonnes of sulphur for every tonne of nickel. In 2025, 76% of Indonesia's sulphur came from the Middle East, through one strait; since the war began the sulphur price has risen about 50%, and sulphur has climbed to 37% of Indonesia's nickel cost, up from 26%, as China curbs its acid exports. The energy transition runs on a waste product of the oil industry.</video:description>
      <video:content_loc>https://commoflow.com/videos/sulphur.mp4</video:content_loc>
      <video:duration>79</video:duration>
      <video:publication_date>2026-10-08T14:51:09+00:00</video:publication_date>
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    <loc>https://commoflow.com/blog/middle-east-aluminium-smelting-hubs-strategic-guide</loc>
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